For example, Tol and Klein (2008) review the institutional context for adaptation in coastal zone management in Europe. They identify three levels of decision-making: national governments, local governments and private individuals. They find that national level decisions are partly determined by EU policies, e.g. in Coastal Bathing Water Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the Habitat Directive. This type of approach requires no strong theoretical assumptions on the part of the analyst, and contributes to adaptation by providing a more comprehensive description of the policy context in which adaptation takes place.
Identifying the relevant actors and institutions for adaptation.
Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability are a result of many actors interacting and making many interrelated decisions.
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1. Identify actors and institutions
Description of institutions and actors relevant for adaptation.
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Tol and Klein (2008) review the institution context for adaptation in coastal zone management in Europe. They identify three levels of decisionmaking: national governments, local governments and private individuals. The EU regulates certain areas in Coastal Bathing Water Directive and nature, through the Habitat Directive. National governments are at different states of awareness regarding coastal management, different states of urgency.
Read more in the Toolbox under the following category:
| Governance description |
Case study steps identified for task 'Governance description'.
This section is based on the UNEP PROVIA guidance document | 
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| 1. | You want to identify adaptation measures. | |
| 2. | Your focus is on public actors and on collective actions. | |
| 3. | Either the type of interdepencence is unknown or it is unknown whether there is a coordination solution. |
