References

1

Caldeira, K. and Kasting, J.F. 1992. The life span of the biosphere revisited. Nature 360, 721-723.

2

Armstrong, R. L. 1981. The persistent myth of the crustal growth. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 38, 613-630.

3

Sagan, C. and Mullen, G. 1972. Earth and Mars: Evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177, 52-56.

4

Nisbet, E.G. 1987.The Young Earth: An introduction to Archean Geology. Allen & Unwin Inc., London, pp. 402.

5

Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., and Petoukhov, V. 1998. Vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during Mid-Holocene. Science 280, 1916-1919.

6

Schwartzman, D.W. and Volk, T. 1989. Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature 340, 457-460.

7

Walker, J.C.G., Hays, P.B., and Kasting, J.F. 1981. A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth`s surface temperature. J. Geophys, Res. 86, 9776-9782.

8

Schneider, S.H. and Boston, P.J. (eds.) 1991. Scientists on Gaia. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 550.

9

Krumbein, W.E. 1995. A Neglected Carbon Sink? Biodegradation of Rocks. In: Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function. Allsopp, D., Colwell, R.R., and Hawksworth, D.L. (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford.

10

Caldeira, K. 1995. Long-term control of atmospheric carbon dioxide - low-temperature seafloor alteration or terrestrial silicate-rock weathering. Am. J. Sci. 295, 1077-1114.

11

Berner, R.A. 1991. A model for atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 291, 339-376.

12

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J. 1981. Aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York, 780 pp.

13

Volk, T. 1987. Feedbacks between weathering and atmospheric CO over the last 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 287, 763-779.

14

Kasting, J.F. 1992. The proterozoic Biosphere. Schopf, J.W., Klein, C. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 165-168.

15

Williams, D.M. 1998. The stability of Habitable Planetary Environments. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University.

16

Richter, O. 1985. Simulation des Verhaltens ökologischer Systeme: Mathematische Methoden und Modelle. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp. 219.

17

Bugbee, B.G. and Salisbury, F.B. 1986. Studies on maximum yield of wheat for the controlled environments of space. In: Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems: CELSS 1985 Workshop, ed. R.D. MacElroy, N.Y. Martello, D.T. Smernoff. NASA-TM-88215, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington D.C., 447-486.

18

Kump, L.R. and Volk, T. 1991. Gaia`s garden and BLAG`s greenhouse: global biogeochemical climate regulation. In: Scientists on Gaia, ed. S.H. Schneider and P.J. Boston, MIT Press, Cambridge, 191-199.

19

Watson, A.J. and Lovelock, J.E. 1983. Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld. Tellus 35B, 284-289.

20

von Bloh, W., Block, A., and Schellnhuber, H.-J. 1997. Self-stabilisation of the biosphere under global change: a tutorial geophysiological approach. Tellus 49B, 249-262.

21

Schwartzman, D., McMenamin, M., and Volk, T. 1993. Did surface temperatures constrain microbial evolution? BioSci. 43, 390-393.

22

Berner, R.A., Lasaga, A.C., and Garrels, R.M. 1983. The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effects on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 283, 641-683.

23

Franck, S., Kossacki, K., and Bounama, Ch. 1999. Modelling the global carbon cycle for the past and future evolution of the Earth system. Chem. Geology, in press.

24

Berner, R.A. 1992. Weathering, plants, and long-term carbon cycle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 3225-3231.

25

Caldeira, K. 1991. Continental-pelagic carbonate partitioning and the global carbonate-silicate cycle. Geology 19, 204-206.

26

Caldeira, K. 1992. Enhanced cenozoic chemical weathering and the subduction of pelagic carbonate. Nature 357, 578-581.

27

Condie, K.C. 1990. Growth and accretion of continental crust: inferences based on Laurentia. Chem. Geology 83, 183-194.

28

Forget, F. and Pierrehumbert, R.T. 1997. Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation. Science 278, 1273-1276.

29

Franck, S. 1998. Evolution of the global heat flow over 4.6 Gyr. Tectonophysics 291, 9-18.

30

Franck, S. and Bounama, Ch. 1995. Effects of water-dependent creep rate on the volatile exchange between mantle and surface reservoirs. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 92, 57-65.

31

Franck, S. and Bounama, Ch. 1997. Continental growth and volatile exchange during Earth`s evolution. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 100, 189-196.

32

Fyfe, W. D. 1978. Evolution of the earth's crust: modern plate tectonics to ancient hot spot tectonics? Chem. Geol. 23, 89-114.

33

Goddéris, Y. and Francois, L.M. 1995. The cenozoic evolution of the strontium and carbon cycle: relative importance of continental erosion and mantle exchanges. Chem. Geology 126, 169-190.

34

Hart, M.H. 1978. The evolution of the atmosphere of the Earth. Icarus 33, 23-39.

35

Hart, M.H. 1979. Habitable zones about main sequence stars. Icarus 37, 351-357.

36

Jackson, M.J. and Pollack, H.N. 1987. Mantle devolatilization and convection: implications for the thermal history of the Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 7, 737-740.

37

Kasting, J.F. 1984. Comments on the BLAG model: the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 284, 1175-1182.

38

Kasting, J.F. 1997. Habitable zones around low mass stars and the search for extraterrestrial life. Origins of Life 27, 291-307.

39

Kasting, J.F.,Toon, O.B., and Pollack, J.B. 1988. How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets. Sci. Am. 258,2, 46-53.

40

Kasting, J.F., Whitmire, D.P., and Reynolds, R.T. 1993. Habitable zones around main sequence stars. Icarus 101, 108-128.

41

Kuhn, W.R., Walker, J.C.G., and Marshall, H.G. 1989 The effect on Earth`s surface temperature from variations in rotation rate, continent formation, solar luminosity, and carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11,129-11,136.

42

Lasaga, A.C., Berner, R.A., and Garrels, R.M. 1985. An improved geochemical model of atmospheric CO fluctuation over the past 100 million years. In: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO: Natural variations Archaean to present, Geophys. Monograph 32, ed. E.T. Sundquist and W.S. Broecker, AGU, Washington D.C., 397-441.

43

Lovelock, J.E. and Whitfield, M. 1982. Life span of biosphere. Nature 296, 561-563.

44

Marshall, H.G., Walker, J.C.G, and Kuhn, W.R. 1988. Long-term climate change and the geochemical cycle of carbon. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 781-801.

45

Mc Govern, P.J. and Schubert, G. 1989. Thermal evolution of the Earth: effects of volatile exchange between atmosphere and interior. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 96, 27-37.

46

Reymer, A. and Schubert, G. 1984. Phanerozoic addition rates of the continental crust and crustal growth. Tectonics 3, 63-67.

47

Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Kropp, J. 1998. Geocybernetics: Controlling a Complex Dynamic System under Uncertainty. Naturwissenschaften 85, 411-425.

48

Sylvester, P.J., Campbell, I.H., and Bowyer, D.A. 1997. Niobium/uranium evidence for early formation of the continental crust. Science 275, 521-523.

49

Taylor, S.R. and Mc Lennan, S.M. 1995. The geological evolution of the continental crust. Rev. Geophysics 33, 641-265.

50

Turcotte, D.L. and Schubert, G. 1982. Geodynamics. Wiley, New York, 450 pp.

51

Volk, T. 1989. Sensitivity of climate and atmospheric CO deep-ocean and shallow-ocean carbonate burial. Nature 337, 637-640.

52

Walker, J.C.G. and Kasting, J.F. 1992. Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 97, 151-189.

53

Williams, D.M. and Kasting, J.F. 1997. Habitable planets with high obliquities. Icarus 129, 254-267.

54

Williams, D.R. and Pan, V. 1992. Internally heated mantle convection and the thermal and degassing history of the Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 97, B6, 8937-8950.

55

Wolery, T.J. and Sleep, N.H. 1976. Hydrothermal circulation and geochemical flux at mid-ocean ridges. J. Geol. 84, 249-275.

56

Wolery, T.J. and Sleep, N.H. 1988. Interactions of geochemical cycles with the mantle. In: Chemical cycles in the evolution of the Earth, eds. C.B. Gregor, R.M. Garrels, F.T. Mackenzie, J.B. Maynard, Wiley & Sons, New York, 77-103.